OOP kursi xulosasi va keyingi qadamlar

Tabriklaymiz! Siz "Obyektga Yo'naltirilgan Dasturlash (OOP)" kursini muvaffaqiyatli yakunladingiz.

O'rganilgan mavzular xaritasi:

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Kurs davomida o'rgandingiz:

Klass va Obyekt — asoslar:

• class kalit so'zi bilan klass e'lon qilish
• __init__(self, ...) — konstruktor, obyekt yaratilganda chaqiriladi
• self — joriy obyektga havola
• Instance atributlar (self.x) va klass atributlari

Inkapsulyatsiya (Encapsulation):

• __atribut — private atribut, tashqaridan bevosita kirish mumkin emas
• @property dekorator — getter/setter ni Pythonic usulda yozish
• Ma'lumotlarni yashirish va kirish nazoratini ta'minlash

Meros (Inheritance):

• class Farzand(Ota) — meros sintaksisi
• super().__init__(...) — ota klassning konstruktorini chaqirish
• Metodni qayta yozish (method overriding) — farzand klassda xulq-atvorni o'zgartirish

Polimorfizm (Polymorphism):

• Duck typing — meros olmagan klasslar ham bir xil interfeys orqali ishlaydi
• Abstrakt klass (ABC, @abstractmethod) — farzandlar uchun majburiy shartnoma
• Bir xil metod nomi — turli xil natijalar

Maxsus metodlar (Dunder methods):

• __str__ — print(obj) chaqirilganda
• __len__ — len(obj) chaqirilganda
• __add__ — obj1 + obj2 chaqirilganda
• __eq__ — obj1 == obj2 chaqirilganda
• __mul__ — obj1 * n chaqirilganda
• __repr__ — obyektning texnik tasviri

Asosiy sintaksis xulosa:

# Klass yaratish
class Mashina:
    marka_soni = 0              # klass atributi

    def __init__(self, marka):
        self.__marka = marka    # private atribut
        Mashina.marka_soni += 1

    @property
    def marka(self):            # getter
        return self.__marka

    def __str__(self):
        return f"Mashina: {self.__marka}"


# Meros
class ElektroMashina(Mashina):
    def __init__(self, marka, batareya):
        super().__init__(marka)         # ota konstruktor
        self.batareya = batareya

    def __str__(self):                  # qayta yozish
        return f"Elektro: {self.marka}, {self.batareya}kWh"


# Abstrakt klass va polimorfizm
from abc import ABC, abstractmethod

class Hayvon(ABC):
    @abstractmethod
    def tovush(self):
        pass

class It(Hayvon):
    def tovush(self):
        return "Vov!"


# Operator overloading
class Vektor:
    def __init__(self, x, y):
        self.x = x
        self.y = y

    def __add__(self, b):
        return Vektor(self.x + b.x, self.y + b.y)

    def __str__(self):
        return f"Vektor({self.x}, {self.y})"

Keyingi qadamlar:

1. Dizayn patternlarini o'rganing:

• Singleton — bitta obyekt bo'lishi kafolatlanadigan pattern
• Factory — obyekt yaratishni markazlashtirish
• Observer — voqealar (events) ga obuna bo'lish pattern
• Bu patternlar OOP bilan qurilgan va har katta loyihada ishlatiladi

2. Frameworklarda OOP ni ko'ring:

• Django — har bir model, view, form — bu klass. OOP ni amalda ko'rasiz
• Flask — Blueprint, Resource klasslari
• SQLAlchemy — ma'lumotlar bazasi ORM — to'liq OOP asosida

3. Python standart kutubxonasini o'rganing:

• pathlib.Path — fayl tizimi bilan OOP usulida ishlash
• collections.Counter, defaultdict — tayyor klasslar
• dataclasses moduli — @dataclass dekorator bilan oson klass yozish
• enum.Enum — sanab o'tish turlari

4. Real loyihalar quring:

• Bankomatni simulyatsiya qiling (BankHisobi, Karta, Bankomat klasslari)
• Kitoblar katalogi (Kitob, Muallif, Kutubxona)
• Oddiy o'yin (Oyinchi, Dunyo, Dushman)

Siz endi Python dasturlashning eng kuchli asbobi — OOP ni egallading. Klass, meros, inkapsulyatsiya, polimorfizm va dunder metodlar — bular bilan siz professional darajada dastur yoza olasiz.

Omad tilaymiz! Kod yozishni davom eting!